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This article takes an in-depth look at types of bolts.
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Bolts are tools used to fasten and secure the faces of assemblies. They are threaded and come with a matching nut. Their purpose is to connect aligned unthreaded holes by being placed through the aligned holes and secured with the bolt’s nut.
The shaft is a cylindrical member that bears the shear forces acting on the bolt and prevents the radial movement of the parts. The bolt shaft has two portions:
The fastened parts may produce or be exposed to vibration, which increases the chance of the bolt loosening. If a bolt has no shank (i.e., the bolt shaft entirely consists of threading), the vibration may push back out of the fastened parts.
The bolt head is responsible for bearing the axial forces that hold the fastened materials. A wrench or a driver grips and applies sufficient torque on the bolt head to tighten or loosen the bolt. Bolt heads come in a variety of profiles and types; some of them are:
Bolts are typically used with the following mechanical devices:
The nut is the female member of a bolted joint that contains a threaded hole. It provides clamping force and prevents axial movement in order to hold multiple parts together. A combination of two forces secures the parts. The nut exerts the axial force, which compresses the fastened parts. This axial force results in a frictional force between the bolt and nut threads, preventing the bolt and nut from being unscrewed. Mechanical locking devices (e.g., lock washers, jam nuts, and split pins) and thread-locking fluids are used if the parts are exposed to prolonged and continuous vibration and impact.
A washer is a flat, thin plate with a concentric hole at its center. It is typically placed under the bolt head and the nut. Its primary function is to distribute the load of the threaded fastener over a larger area. Thus, the deformation of fastened materials is prevented. Washers made with softer materials such as plastic, rubber, and urethane can effectively dampen vibration, thus preventing the threads from loosening. Special types of washers can prevent liquids from penetrating the bolt joint, creating a waterproof seal.
The following are the fastener terminologies used when talking about bolts:
The shank diameter is the diameter of the smooth or unthreaded portion of the bolt shaft. It is often referred to as the nominal diameter or body diameter.
The major diameter is the largest diameter of the bolt thread. It is the distance between two opposite crests or the topmost surface of the thread. The major diameter is often equal to the nominal diameter.
The minor diameter (or root diameter) is the smallest distance of the bolt thread. It is the distance between two opposite roots or the bottommost surface of the thread.
The pitch diameter is the diameter halfway between the major and minor diameters.
Basic Dimensions of a Bolt Thread
The nominal length is the total axial length of the bolt shaft, which is equal to the sum of the grip and thread lengths. The grip length is the length of the unthreaded portion, while the thread length is the length of the threaded portion measured from the first complete thread next to the shank to the end of the bolt shaft.
The thread pitch is the axial distance between two adjacent crests. This specification is used in metric fasteners and is normally expressed in millimeters.
Metric fasteners are manufactured in accordance with the ISO and DIN standards. How do you read metric bolt sizing?
If you encounter a bolt with M10-1.0 x 2.0 sizing:
You may also encounter a bolt specification like M12-50. The thread pitch is not specified in this specification, which means the bolt has a coarse thread. The nominal diameter in this example is 12 mm, while the bolt length is 50 mm.
The TPI is the number of threads per bolt thread inch. This specification is only used in imperial or US fasteners. How do you read imperial bolt sizing?
If you encounter a bolt with ¼”-20 x 2” sizing:
Right-handed threads are tightened when rotated in a clockwise direction. It is the most common thread configuration. Meanwhile, left-handed threads advance axially when turned in a counterclockwise direction. These threads are used when the application of pressure causes a right-handed thread to become loose. Left-handed threads are used in bicycle pedals, vehicle wheels, circular saw blades, and gas supply valves.
A chamfer is a slightly beveled edge near the bolt tip. It is created by cutting a portion of the first thread near the bolt tip. Some bolts have a chamfered end in order to insert a nut and fit into holes easily. The chamfer angle is measured from the normal to the bolt axis.
Below are different types of bolts.
Anchor bolts are designed to join components into concrete surfaces. They are commonly used in the construction industry. They are usually found in the bases of steel poles. They are also used in attaching façade systems to reinforced concrete walls. There are two classifications of anchor bolts:
There are two common types of anchor bolts:
Arbor bolts are pre-assembled bolts with a washer permanently attached to the head of the bolt. Their head has a sinker design with ridges around it. Arbor bolts have a dark or black finish and reverse threads that differentiate them from other bolts. The reverse thread is the most important feature of arbor bolts and is critical to their use.
Unlike other types of bolts, arbor bolts are not commonly sold in home improvement stores or hardware stores. They have a single function and are not considered to be fasteners. Arbor bolts are used with electric saws to keep the blade of the saw secure and working properly and are a critical part of a saws operation.
Blind bolts are a specialty bolt that was developed for applications where hex bolts and rivets can’t be used due to restricted access. They have good tensile strength and can handle loads that are slightly less than standard bolts. Blind bolts are used to join objects using a pre-drilled hole in one of the objects to be joined and where there is limited space due to adjacent components.
The head of a blind bolt has a series of teeth that interlock with a nut, which provides extra strength and stability when secured. Blind bolts get their name due to their ability to access only one side of objects to be joined and the inability to see the other side. They have a pin, collar, and sleeve. The collar is designed to collapse as the blind bolt is tightened.
Carriage bolts are partially threaded along their shank and have a round head with a square neck that keeps the bolt from turning when being fastened. They are referred to as plow or coach bolts and are mainly used in wood applications. Carriage bolts have tensile and shear strength, which varies according to the type of material from which they are manufactured. Carriage bolts made of stainless steel have a shear strength of 90,000 psi.
A carriage bolt is secured using a nut with a washer that is attached to the threads on the flat end of the bolt. When determining the size of a carriage bolt, it is important to measure them from under the head to the end of the bolt. Measuring from under the square neck leads to inaccurate measurements. A pilot hole of the diameter of the flat end of a carriage bolt has to be drilled prior to inserting the bolt. It is important to use a washer with a nut when securing a carriage bolt to reduce potential surface damage.
Elevator bolts get their name from their use in the construction of elevators. Their flat head allows them to secure components without interfering with the movement of the elevator. The distinct feature of elevator bolts is their flat round thin head that becomes flush with the surface to which they are attached when secured.
Threads on an elevator bolt go part way up the shaft. Underneath the flat head is a square neck that is similar to that of carriage bolt, which provides for a tight secure connection and prevents the bolt from turning during installation. Elevator bolts are made from several types of materials and come in different diameters, lengths, and sizes.
A common use for elevator bolts is in the construction of conveyors, which require a flat surface for smooth operation. Additionally, since elevator bolts form a highly secure connection, they prevent conveyors from vibrating or shifting. They are also an ideal fastener for soft materials such as softwoods, fabrics, and plastics.
The differentiating feature of eye bolts is their head, which is in the form of a metal ring or circle. Eye bolts come with or without a shoulder. The shoulder type of eye bolt is stronger and offers more support than eye bolts without a shoulder. The threads of an eye bolt run the full length of the bolt from its flat end up to its ring shaped head. In the case of shoulder eye bolts, the threads stop below the shoulder.
The types of eye bolts include:
Flange bolts have a circular washer-like flange under their head, which distributes the clamping force over a greater area. In vehicles, they protect the engine and transmission systems by holding the outer casing tightly. In piping systems, they firmly hold the ends of two flanged pipes together.
A flange bolt has a washer that is built into and attached to its head as a single solid unit, which adds to their strength and stability. The threads of flange bolts run the full length of the bolt from its flat end up to the washer. They come in a wide variety of sizes, styles, and materials and can be custom made to fit unique applications. The design of flange bolts allows them to evenly distribute the load across the complete surface of the head of the bolt.
Some of the common uses of flange bolts include attaching exhaust systems in vehicles and securing pipes. They are made from carbon steel and stainless steel to enhance their strength and durability.
Hanger bolts are a headless bolt with two different types of threads at opposite ends of the bolt. One end has lag screw threading while the other end has machine screw threading with a blunt tip. Hanger bolts are made from stainless steel, zinc plated steel, galvanized steel, and brass. They are available in diameters of 0.375 in up to 0.5 in (9.5 mm up to 12.7 mm) and lengths of 0.5 in up to 6 in (12.7 mm up to 152.4 mm). The diameter of the lag portion of the bolt is normally smaller than the machine portion.
The lag and machine threads are separated by a square shoulder, which acts as the head for both sets of threads. The shoulder prevents the bolt from being installed beyond the thread length of the threads. The two sections of threads make it possible to install hanger bolts into metal and wood. The installation process involves drilling a pilot hole, lubricating the bolt with wax or oil, and using a wrench or drill bit to tighten it.
The six sided hexagonal head of a hex bolt gives it its distinctive appearance. It is an unslotted bolt with threads that can run the full length of the shank or have threads on a portion of the shank. Hex bolts are made from a wide variety of materials and come in different types, styles, sizes, and dimensions. They are known for their exceptional tensile strength and ability to be used in a wide variety of applications.
Hex bolts are used with pre-tapped holes and a nut that is tightened using a wrench, socket, spanner, or hex key. The hex head makes them easy to grip from multiple angles, which makes their installation and removal easy. They are categorized by their size, material or finish, and full or partial threading. The three sizes of a hex bolt are its length, metric thread size, and its thread pitch or the number of threads per inch.
J-bolts have a curved end that gives them the appearance of the letter “J” with threads at the opposite end of the curve. The curved portion of the bolt gives it two points of contact for securing materials. The distinct shape of J-bolts makes it easy to insert them into pre-drilled holes. The installation of J-bolts involves placing them into two pre-drilled holes with one hole containing the flat point of the “J” while the other hole has the threaded portion. The design of J-bolts makes them ideal for anchoring walls to the ground or connecting beams.
The most common use for J-bolts is construction where they are used to anchor walls and support beams. In gardens and parks, J-bolts are used to secure benches and playground equipment to concrete surfaces. Their industrial use includes securing machinery such as presses and conveyor belts to the floor of a facility.
A lag bolt, or lag screw, has a hexagonal or square head and a threaded shank. As with hex bolts, the threading of a lag bolt can run the full length of the shank or a large portion of the shank depending on the bolts design. The shank and threads are tapered to make it easy to drive a lag bolt into wood. The design of the threading creates friction between connected materials to prevent slippage and increase connection strength.
The larger size of lag bolts assists in forming stronger and more secure connections and provides excellent surface grip. The installation of lag bolts into wood is easy due to their tapered shank, which makes assembling of large pieces quicker. It is important to note that lag bolts are difficult to remove when installed, a factor that necessitates careful planning when they are being used.
Machine bolts can have a hex or square head with standard right hand threads. Short length machine bolts of less than six inches are fully threaded while longer lengths over six inches are threaded two times the diameter of the bolt plus a half inch. Machine bolts are unslotted and installed using a nut and socket wrench. They are manufactured from carbon steel, stainless steel, and bronze with bronze and stainless steel machine bolts being resistant to corrosion.
There are several grades of machine bolts with grades two, five, and eight being the most used in the United States. Higher grades of machine bolts have greater tensile strength and hardness and are used when a strong secure connection is required. The proper use of machine bolts requires that they be tightened to the correct torque since under tightening can cause joint failure.
Pentagon® tamper proof bolts, also known as penta bolts, are a type of industrial fastener made of stainless steel. They have a five-sided head in the shape of a pentagon and come in many sizes. The five-sided design of the penta bolt prevents the accumulation of debris or dirt, which can be easily swept away. When used to secure ground surfaces, penta bolts are recessed to avoid tripping hazards.
The penta bolt is widely used for city, municipal, and government infrastructure applications such as manhole covers, waterworks, valve boxes, meter boxes, ground vaults, electrical junction boxes, and concrete enclosures. They are categorized as security bolts since it requires a specially designed tool to loosen or remove them.
Penta head bolts are manufactured as machine bolts, washer head bolts, washer head captive style, and lag bolts in various sizes for all types.
Plow bolts have a flat, domed, or convex head with a tapered neck and fully or partially threaded shanks. The neck of a plow bolt is a square that is tapered as it is connected to the shank and threads and is the same size as the diameter of the bolt. The flat, domed, or convex heads of plow bolts have a neck with an 80o taper. Their threads are standard right hand threads with full length threading for short plow bolts and minimum threading for long plow bolts. The diameters of the heads of plow bolts vary from 0.375 in to 1 inch (9.5 mm to 25.4 mm).
The initial purpose of plow bolts was to secure a plow share to the frog of the plow to allow earth to easily pass over the head of the bolt. Modern plow bolts are used to fasten the components of heavy equipment due their ability to fit flush with the surface of the equipment. They are available in various grades with grades 5 and 8 being the most common.
Rock bolts are threaded bars of steel that are inserted into drilled holes of a rock face to stabilize the rock face and protect workers. Once installed, fully grouted rock bolts are grouted in place with resin or cement. Partially grouted rock bolts are placed in the drilled hole but secured with less grout, which takes less time and is quicker.
The structure of rock bolts includes a threaded and free end. The free end is placed in the drilled hole while the threaded end is secured to the wall, ceiling, or piece of equipment like scaffolding. A face plate is attached to the threaded end of the rock bolt using a nut, which assists in distributing the load.
The purpose of rock bolts is to transfer the load of the rock face from the exterior of the rock face to its interior. They knit the rock face together to prevent it from shifting or loosening. Self drilling rock bolts combine drilling, grouting, and anchoring and have a pre-attached face plate. Aside from self drilling rock bolts, there are MDX bolts and fiber reinforced polymer rock bolts.
Sex bolts are fasteners with a barrel-shaped female component with internal threads covering the threaded male component. The female component serves as the nut and is almost the same length as the male component. Both components have a flange that serves as the bearing surface and makes the connection surface more even. These bolts are ideal for fastening materials sensitive to abrasive parts. They are used in paper binding, helmets, railing systems, furniture, playground equipment, signages, bathroom partitions, and other products.
Shoulder bolts have a unique form of shank that has a larger diameter than the threaded portion but not as large as the bolt head. The heads of shoulder bolts can be hexagonal or round. The shank has threads that are held in place by a cylindrical shaft that ensures stability when the threads are inserted into a hole. They are used in applications where there are vibrations or heavy loads.
Since shoulder bolts have a low profile, they can be used in tight spaces where traditional bolts do not fit. When a shoulder bolt is fully installed, the cylindrical portion extends beyond the threads to act as a shaft or dowel for rotating bearings, guides, axles, and pivot points or mounting pins. They are used in plastic injection molds to accurately align the mold halves.
Socket head bolts are cylindrical shaped with a barrel head that has a hexagonal socket for tightening using an Allen wrench. The head of socket head bolts is much smaller than traditional bolts such that they can be recessed when attached. As with shoulder bolts, socket head bolts are ideal for applications where there is limited space. In certain applications, they are recessed into a countersunk hole such that the top of the bolt is flush with the surface of the item being fastened.
The use of socket head bolts is due to their high tensile, yield, and shear strengths. The small size of their head makes it possible to use them in small countersunk holes. The variations in the heads of socket head bolts include button heads that are domed, flange heads, low profile heads, self locking heads, and vented heads that have a hole drilled through the length of the socket head bolt to allow for venting of fluids and gas.
As with several forms of bolts, square head bolts get their name from the shape of their distinct head, which can have four or six sides. In many cases, square head bolts are countersunk to prevent their heads from sticking out. The shanks of square head bolts vary in accordance with the application where they are being used. Their threads start at the end of the shank and extend up toward the head. The length of the threads vary depending on the design of the bolt.
The square heads of square head bolts provide more surface area, which makes it possible to tighten them with greater force without stripping or breaking the bolt. This characteristic has made them popular in applications where torque is necessary for securing equipment and heavy machinery. They fit easily into pre-drilled holes due their shape and tips that guide them through the hole.
Structural bolts are used with hex nuts to connect structural steel members and are made to meet ASTM standards A563 and A194. They are graded by their size range, proof load, and their minimum yield and tensile strength. Structural bolts are categorized as high-strength bolts because of their exceptional tensile strength and ability to form secure and tight joint connections. In addition, they can withstand higher torque, which is essential for steel constructions.
SAE Grade 9 structural bolts, also called grade 9 hex cap screws, are the strongest form of structural bolt, with a tensile strength of 180,000 PSI. They are used in highly stressful applications where heavy-duty bolts are required, such as manufacturing machinery and bulldozers. In addition, grade 9 structural bolts are made of yellow zinc chromate, which makes them corrosion-resistant.
Stud bolts have a fully threaded or partially threaded stud or bar without a head. They have nuts at either end of the stud to tightly secure a connection. Partially threaded stud bolts have an unthreaded portion in the middle of the stud with threads of varying lengths at each end. Stud bolts can have washers added and additional nuts for special applications. They are used in high pressure piping, wheel hub assemblies, and pipeline flange connections.
The ends of stud bolts are rounded, sheared, saw cut, flat, or chamfered. Their length is measured from one end of the threads to the other end of the threads and come in quarter inch incremental lengths. They are normally used for joining components with internal holes such as wheel hub assemblies.
The types of stud bolts include:
There are two types of partially threaded stud bolts:
T-head bolts have a threaded shank with threads of varying links and a slotted head in the shape of a “T” or rectangle. The configuration of the head and shank looks like a hammer, which has given T-head bolts the name of hammerhead bolts. The distinct T shape of the head makes it possible to use T-head bolts in slots where they are held in place with a 90o turn of the head.
The different configurations of T-head bolts include ones with a square neck, a long extended T, flat head T, and domed T. A common application for T-head bolts is securing channeling, guide rails, and flush fittings. The T-shaped head fits easily into the T-shape of a drill swivel head.
Tap bolts are fully threaded bolts with a hexagonal head and standard right hand threads. Their point is chamfered or rounded to protect the first threads at the end of the shaft, which facilitates their entry into parts. They come in varying lengths to meet the needs of a wide range of applications. The proper use of a tap bolt requires that it extend far enough into the pre-drilled hole such that a nut and washer can be placed on the shank of the bolt.
The threading of tap bolts varies with manufacturers with the standard length of the threads being twice the diameter of the shank. Tap bolts are normally installed with a washer and a hex nut. They are made of stainless and hardened steel with stainless steel tap bolts being used in corrosive environments. Tap bolts are used to adjust the tension on a pulley and attach motors.
Toggle bolts, known as butterfly anchors, are weight bearing bolts that are designed to securely hold brackets and shelves. They are a two part assembly that consists of a fully threaded bolt and a metal wing toggle. The installation process for toggle bolts includes removing the wings and placing the item to be secured on the bolt. Once the item is properly placed, the wings are reattached to the bolt. A pilot hole is drilled into the surface, usually drywall, where the item is to be hung.
With the item to be hung attached, the bolt and toggle are placed through the pre-drilled hole far enough to allow the wings to spread by pulling back on the bolt. Once the wings are open and placed, the bolt is tightened to secure the item.
The two basic types of toggle bolts are standard and spring. The difference between the versions of toggle bolts is the design of their wings. The metal wings of standard toggle bolts fold against the threads and shaft of the bolt when the bolt is being inserted into a pre-drilled hole. Spring toggle bolts have an anchor that looks like a nut with wings. When they are installed, the anchor is placed in the pre-drilled hole first. When the bolt is screwed into the anchor, the wings expand on the interior of the wall.
Tork bolts, also known as shear bolts or breakaway bolts, are a unique type of security bolt that come with both flat or countersunk heads and button heads. The structure of a tork bolt is unlike any other form of bolt since they have one head placed on top of another with a breakaway connector. The upper head is hexagonal for easy installation using traditional wrenches.
With a tork bolt, the hexagonal head is designed to shear off or break away when the head's maximum torque is achieved. This configuration permanently places the bolt, making it difficult to remove using conventional tools. When a wrench separates the head from the bolt, the bolt left behind can no longer be gripped, making the bolt exceptionally secure.
Since installing tork bolts does not require a special tool, they are an easy solution for attaching products, equipment, or components that could be vulnerable to tampering using any other forms of bolts. Their purpose is to protect secured items against unauthorized relocation, tampering, or interference.
Track bolts have a round or circular head that is rounded or flat with the most common form being an oval head with a round face and two holes, one hole at the top and one at the bottom. The holes in the bolt head are used to attach the bolt to tracks or equipment. Track bolts have round or square necks that take various forms depending on the design of the bolt.
The main use of track bolts is to join tracks, railway signals, footbridges, and trackside equipment. They are made to endure stressful conditions where there is high speed rail traffic, and durability is a necessity due to the extreme wear of the conditions. High strength track bolts are made of high strength steel due to the nature of the applications for which they are manufactured. They are large bolts with strength grades between 8.8 and 10.9 with 10.9 being the most common. Track bolts can weigh over two pounds (0.907 kg) and be nearly six in (15 cm) long.
U-bolts are “U” shaped bolts with threads on the ends of each arm of the bolt. They are made of various types of metals depending on the required strength for the use of the bolt with steel, stainless steel, copper and brass being the most common metals. The size of U-bolts is determined by the distance between the arms of the bolt and its length from end to end.
A common use for U-bolts is supporting piping to rest, guide, or hold pipes. The sizes and thicknesses of U-bolts is designed to fit the various sizes of pipes. Non-gripped U-bolts are the most common form and do not restrict axial movement of piping. Gripped U-bolts serve as anchors and restrict pipe movement. When gripped U-bolts are installed, there is no space between the pipe and the curve of the U-bolt.
Expansion bolts consist of a bolt, nut, and expansion sleeve that fits over the bolt along its shaft. They are used in applications where there isn’t excess to the backside of the surface to be secured. The head of an expansion bolt sits on top of the expansion sleeve and is inserted into a pre-drilled hole in the material to be connected. As the nut of the bolt is tightened, the sleeve expands outward against the walls of the pre-drilled hole and against the material to create a firm, secure, and tight grip that cannot be loosened by vibrations or shock loads.
The design of expansion bolts makes them ideal for making connections in porous materials such as bricks, stone, and concrete. Expansion bolts are a one time use bolt that remains installed and is never intended to be removed. The heart of an expansion bolt is its sleeve, which has to be durable and capable of making contact with several anchor points to provide stability.
Industrial bolts are durable fasteners capable of withstanding extreme weather conditions and the effects of chemicals. The long list of industrial bolts includes hex bolts, leg bolts, eye bolts, U-bolts, and stud bolts. The term industrial bolt is a broad ranging name of a special category of bolts for connecting equipment, parts, and components. In the majority of cases, their installation is permanent, which is the reason they have to be exceptionally strong.
The general classification of industrial bolts is due to their wide range of uses and the types that are required for industrial use and applications. Although there are standard industrial bolts that have been in use for hundreds of years, new designs are being perfected to meet the ever changing demands and requirements of industrial processes. Regardless of the many changes and innovations of industrial bolts, the basic parts of industrial bolts include two or three components, which are a shaft, head, threading, and rod. Nuts are normally used with industrial bolts but are not a necessity.
As may be expected, the wide range of industrial bolts are manufactured from several different metals, which are selected in accordance with the application for which the bolt is manufactured. The metals used the most to produce industrial bolts are steel, stainless steel, titanium, bronze, brass, and aluminum with carbon and hardened steel being the most common metals.
Steel grades for industrial bolts are grades 2, 5, 8, and alloyed steel. Stainless steel grades are grades 18-8, 316, and 410. The durability of industrial bolts is enhanced by coatings of zinc, hot dip galvanizing, and chrome with galvanizing being the most common.
Unlike other forms of bolts, industrial bolts have to be carefully selected to ensure proper performance, durability, stability, and endurance. In most cases, they are an essential part of securing equipment, platforms, floors, machinery, and other crucial aspects of industrial operations.
Metric bolts are manufactured using the dimensions of the metric system of measurement for thread pitch, shaft lengths, and diameter measurement. Manufacturers like using the metric system because it makes it easier to scale the dimensions of bolts up or down. Metric bolts greater than 6 mm are stamped with ISO M indicating they comply with ISO standards.
A metric bolt is defined as having a length of 6 mm with shorter bolts being considered to be imperial measurement system bolts. For a bolt to be a metric bolt, its shaft and diameter are manufactured and measured in millimeters with the diameter determined by measuring a bolt across its flat surface. Metric bolts are composed of five thread types and ten strength grades with nineteen standard sizes and ten non-standard sizes.
The major difference between standard and metric bolts is the specifications for the threads. Metric threads have their pitch identified in millimeters, which is the distance between the peaks of each thread. Standard measurements count the number of threads per one inch. Beyond the pitch of metric bolts, they are also identified by the major diameter in millimeters, the distance across the bolt from the peak of a thread across the bolt to the peak of an opposite thread.
Nearly every type of bolt can be made from stainless steel, which has 150 different grades and surface finishes. The two grades that are used the most are grade 304, which is a commercial grade, and grade 316, which is a marine grade. In some cases, grades 18-8 and A2 are used the same as grade 304 with some users believing the three grades are the same.
The use of stainless steel in the manufacture of bolts is due to stainless steel's exceptional resistance to corrosion and varying resistance to acids. Stainless steel alloys are iron based with at least 10% chromium combined with varying amounts of other metals, which changes stainless steel’s resistance to acids, chemicals, and heat and changes its strength. The chromium content of stainless steel forms a sealed protective layer and is the main reason for its resistance to corrosion.
Stainless steel is easy to fabricate and widely used for the production of consumer products such as ones used for the preparation of food. It has a pleasing appearance that adds aesthetic appeal to products. Since stainless has hygienic properties, stainless steel bolts are used in the manufacture of food preparation equipment, medical instruments, surgical tools, and hospital equipment.
A thru-bolt includes a nut, washer, shank with an expansion taper, and an expansion clip. A plain blunt nip is located above the nut and washer at the opposite end of the expansion taper and clip. Special types of thru-bolts have depth indicators on their threads. They are friction anchor bolts that apply significant stress on the substrate, which makes them ideal for use with concrete substrate.
Thru-bolts are installed by drilling a hole that has the same diameter as the bolt. Once the hole has been thoroughly cleaned, the expansion taper end of the bolt is forced into the hole up to the portion just before the threads. The bolt and washer are tightened such that the tapered end moves up into the clip forcing the clip to expand and open against the walls of the hole. The torque from the tightening of the nut sets the anchor and creates clamping force.
Proper installation of thru-bolts includes the correct spacing between bolts and avoidance of placing them too close to the edge of the substrate. Thru-bolts, also known as through bolts, use the same principle as expansion bolts to secure items to brick, concrete, and cement. The key to the performance of thru-bolts is to ensure that they are installed with the correct torque.
American Fastener Technologies manufactures a wide array of fasteners for use in construction, marine applications, and the oil and gas industry. The company produces fasteners in metric measurements and the standard English system. The demand for American Fastener Technologies is due to the precision and exacting tolerances of their products. Regardless of its long list of standard fasteners, American Fastener Technologies’ highly trained staff of engineers is capable of producing specialty fasteners for unusual applications.
US Bolt Manufacturing produces bolts for offshore drilling, production equipment, power generating equipment, pumps, valves, Navy ships, and pressure vessels. The company’s main focus is safety related applications and the manufacture of hex head bolts, flange bolts, hex nuts, lock nuts, and specialty fasteners. US Bolt Manufacturing is ISO 9001:2015 certified and ISO 17025:2017 certified. The key to the success of US Bolt Manufacturing is its close attention to the quality of their products by monitoring the production process from the raw materials to the final products.
American Bolt Corporation manufactures socket, bolt, screw, nut, and washer products, which includes a selection of nine different styles of bolts. They can produce single and double ended studs and have anchor bolt assemblies with tack welds and plate washers. American Bolt offers cutting, threading and crimping, and packaging and kitting.
Conformance Fasteners, a Michigan based manufacturer, produces a wide assortment of bolts, screws, nuts, and other fasteners. The company has an ISO 9001:2008 certification and works closely with the auto industry. Conformance Fastener produces bolts and screws of varying lengths with different shank designs and threads, including flanged bolts, elevator bolts, and carrier bolts. A major benefit of doing business with Conformance Fasteners is their dedication to reducing customer costs and providing engineering assistance.
All State Fastener Corporation produces bolts, screws, nuts, washers, and various specialty products using aluminum, brass, bronze, steel, and stainless steel. The company has one of the largest selections of cold formed and hot forged bolts and screws. All State Fastener offers fasteners designed for weight reduction, heat and corrosion resistance, and the capability to meet stringent tolerance requirements. The company is proud to provide standard fasteners as well as ones for critical safety applications.
The types of bolts are:
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